Ask Ethan #52: How long has the Universe been accelerating? (Synopsis)

Ask Ethan #52: How long has the Universe been accelerating? (Synopsis)

“After all the ‘Universe’ is a hypothesis, like the atom, & must be allowed the freedom to have properties & to do things which would be contradictory & impossible for a finite material structure.” -Willem de Sitter

Dark energy was one of the biggest surprises to come along in the past generation, from a scientific standpoint. It’s only intuitive to think that the Universe — with gravity fighting the initial expansion ever since the Big Bang — and all the galaxies in it would continue to slow down over time. But with a significant positive amount of energy inherent to space itself, that simply isn’t the case.

But if we had come along when the Universe was only half its present age, not only would dark energy be virtually undetectable, but the Universe wouldn’t have even begun accelerating yet! And furthermore, even the expansion rate today — a paltry 67 km/s/Mpc – continues to drop.

What do we mean when we say “the Universe is accelerating,” and how long has it been doing so? Find out on this week’s Ask Ethan!

Objective Questions of Data Structure with Answer set-6

1. .......................... is a variable that can hold the address of the variables, structure and functions that are used in the program.

A) Array

B) Pointer

C) Structure

D) None of the above



2. .................. is the organization of the data in a computers memory or in a file.

A) Array

B) Data Structure

C) Data Management

D) Data Organization



3. Which of the following is/are the advantages of using an array?

i) Multi huge quantity of data items can be stored.
ii) Arrays saves the memory space
iii) Arrays helps to arrange the data items in particular order.
iv) Data item searching is faster.

A) i, ii and iii only

B) ii, iii and iv only

C) i, iii and iv only

D) All i, ii, iii and iv



4. Some examples of data structures are

i) array
ii) stack
iii) queue
iv) binary tree
v) hybrid tree

A) i, ii, iii and iv only

B) ii, iii, iv and v only

C) i, ii, iii and v only

D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v



5. Match the following components of data structure based on the concept of Abstract Data Type (ADT) with their definitions.
a) Operations                 i) Organizations of data implemented in lower level data structure.
b) Storage structures     ii) Description on how to manipulate information in the storage structure.
c) Algorithms               iii) Specifies the external appearance of data structure.

A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii

B) a-ii, b-iii, c-i

C) a-iii, b-i, c-ii

D) a-i, b-iii, c-ii



6. Match the following properties of an array with their descriptions.

a) Homogeneous     i) the list size is constant.
b) Ordered              ii) there is a first and last element.
c) Finite                  iii) there is a next and previous in the natural order of the structure
d) fixed-length        iv) every element is the same.

A) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv

B) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i

C) a-iii, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

D) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i



7. Which of the following are linear type of data structure?

i) Linked list
ii) Stack
iii) Binary Tree
iv) Array
v) Queue

A) i, ii, iii and iv only

B) ii, iii, iv and v only

C) i, ii, iv and v only

D) All i, ii, iii, iv and v



8. Which of the following are non linear type of data structure?

i) Tree
ii) Graphs
iii) Hash tables
iv) List

A) i, ii and iii only

B) ii, iii and iv only

C) i, iii and iv only

D) All i, ii, iii and iv




9. State whether the following statements is/are True or False.

i) An ancestor is any node in the path from the root to the node.
ii) A sub-tree is any connected structure below the root.
iii) Binary tree is a directed tree in which out degree of each node is less than or equal to one.
iv) A tree consists of finite set of elements called nodes.
v) Nodes that are not root and not leaf are called intermediate nodes.

A) True, True, True, False, True

B) True, False, True, True, False

C) True, True, True, False, False

D) True, True, False, True, False



10. In a binary search tree the node to be deleted will have two cases which are

i) An empty left sub-tree and non empty right sub-tree and vice versa.
ii) Non empty left sub-tree and right sub-tree.
iii) Empty left sub-tree and right sub-tree.

A) i and ii only

B) ii, and iii only

C) i and iii only

D) None of the above

View Answers:

1. B) Pointer

2. B) Data Structure

3. D) All i, ii, iii and iv

4. A) i, ii, iii and iv only

5. C) a-iii, b-i, c-ii

6. D) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i

7. C) i, ii, iv and v only

8. A) i, ii and iii only

9. D) True, True, False, True, False

10. A) i and ii only

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Antidepressants show potential for postoperative pain              

"These results are more than a coincidence," says Dr. Gilron. "We can conclude from this research review that, while it's premature to formally recommend these drugs be prescribed for pain, more definitive studies on these medications are necessary."

After a systematic review of clinical trials based on administering antidepressants for acute and chronic postsurgical pain, researchers have concluded that more trials are needed to determine whether these drugs should be prescribed for postsurgical pain on Dr. Ian Gilron, a professor and director of clinical pain research in the Department of Anesthesiology, and his team of seven researchers reviewed 15 trials to determine whether the use of antidepressants for pain relief post-surgery would work more effectively than painkillers such as opioids, local anesthetics, or acetaminophen.

Clinical trials are often used to answer questions about the efficacy of the off-label uses of drugs. In the case of antidepressants, their effects on postsurgical pain continue to be an area of research interest.

"For the past 50 years, it's been observed that antidepressants for other chronic pain conditions relieve pain independently of their effect on depression," says Dr. Gilron, who also works as an attending anesthesiologist at Kingston General Hospital (KGH). "Even with the best available medicines, there are still many people who experience postoperative pain. Reviewing the use of antidepressants to manage this pain was definitely an opportunity to be seized."

Pain around a surgical site can interfere with normal activities like walking; it can also prolong recovery from surgery.

After searching through three databases of trials, first author of the paper and fifth year anesthesiology resident Karen Wong sifted through 1,350 records from three different research databases to select the 15 trials for detailed review.

Trials were selected for review based on a patient's pain at rest and with movement, adverse effects of antidepressants, and other outcomes of using antidepressants for postsurgical pain.

Just over half of the trials examined showed a reduction in pain after use of antidepressants.

"These results are more than a coincidence," says Dr. Gilron. "We can conclude from this research review that, while it's premature to formally recommend these drugs be prescribed for pain, more definitive studies on these medications are necessary."

The research review, "Antidepressant drugs for prevention of acute and chronic postsurgical pain: early evidence and recommended future directions," took three years to complete and has been published in the September 2014 edition ofAnesthesiology.a regular basis.

World's smallest magnetic data storage unit                      

               

       

Scientists from IBM and the German Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) have built the world's smallest magnetic data storage unit. It uses just twelve atomsper bit, the basic unit of information, and squeezes a whole byte (8 bit) into as few as 96 atoms. A modern hard drive, for comparison, still needs more than half a billion atoms per The team presented their work in the journal Scieneon January 13, 2012. CFEL is a joint venture of the research centre Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY in Hamburg, the Max-Planck-Society (MPG) and the University of Hamburg. "With CFEL the partners have established an innovative institution on the DESY campus, delivering top-level research across a broad spectrum of disciplines," says DESY research director Edgar Weckert.

The nanometre data storage unit was built atom by atom with the help of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. The researchers constructed regular patterns of iron atoms, aligning them in rows of six atoms each. Two rows are sufficient to store one bit. A byte correspondingly consists of eight pairs of atom rows. It uses only an area of 4 by 16 nanometres (a nanometre being a millionth of a millimetre). "This corresponds to a storage density that is a hundred times higher compared to a modern hard drive," explains Sebastian Loth of CFEL, lead author of the Science paper.

Data are written into and read out from the nano storage unit with the help of an STM. The pairs of atom rows have two possible magnetic states, representing the two values '0' and '1' of a classical bit. An electric pulse from the STM tip flips the magnetic configuration from one to the other. A weaker pulse allows to read out the configuration, although the nano magnets are currently only stable at a frosty temperature of minus 268 degrees Centigrade (5 Kelvin). "Our work goes far beyond current data storage technology," says Loth. The researchers expect arrays of some 200 atoms to be stable at room temperature. Still it will take some time before atomic magnets can be used in data storage.

For the first time, the researchers have managed to employ a special form of magnetism for data storage purposes, called antiferromagnetism. Different from ferromagnetism, which is used in conventional hard drives, the spins of neighbouring atoms within antiferromagnetic material are oppositely aligned, rendering the material magnetically neutral on a bulk level. This means that antiferromagnetic atom rows can be spaced much more closely without magnetically interfering with each other. Thus, the scientist managed to pack bits only one nanometre apart.

"Looking at the shrinking of electronics components we wanted to know if this can be driven into the realm of single atoms," explains Loth. But instead of shrinking existing components the team chose the opposite approach: "Starting with the smallest thing -- single atoms -- we built data storage devices one atom at a time," says IBM research staff member Andreas Heinrich. The required precision is only mastered by few research groups worldwide.

"We tested how large we have to build our unit to reach the realm of classical physics," explains Loth, who moved from IBM to CFEL four months ago. Twelve atoms emerged as the minimum with the elements used. "Beneath this threshold quantum effects blur the stored information." If these quantum effects can somehow be employed for an even denser data storage is currently a topic of intense research.

With their experiments the team have not only built the smallest magnetic data storage unit ever, but have also created an ideal testbed for the transition from classical to quantum physics. "We have learned to control quantum effects through form and size of the iron atom rows," explains Loth, leader of the Max Planck research group 'dynamics of nanoelectric systems' at CFEL in Hamburg and the Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research at Stuttgart, Germany. "We can now use this ability to investigate how quantum mechanics kicks in. What seperates quantum magnets from classical magnets? How does a magnet behave at the frontier between both worlds? These are exciting questions that soon could be answered."

A new CFEL laboratory offering ideal conditions for this research will enable Loth to follow up these questions. "With Sebastian Loth, one of the world's leading scientists in the field of time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy has joined CFEL," stresses CFEL research coordinator Ralf Köhn. "This perfectly complements our existing expertise for the investigation of the dynamics in atomic and molecular systems."

The importance of science

                   The importance of science

The importance of education

Do you object to any sane person on the importance of education? I do not think so. Everyone knows how civilizations arise and if Tzdahr
Education, the right approach and everyone also knows how the collapse of nations and of civilization left behind the neglected education
Or not provided properly. Is there a need here to list the reasons for the importance of education? Yes, even if we teach all or
Mostly we are always in need of confirmation. The general objectives of education:
* Publication of specialized science (do not forget that we are in a time of specialization must be published science specialist developed
To keep up with evolution)

* Dissemination of culture and general information between individuals

* Maintain the cultural heritage and cultural and ideological of the various United

* Detection and Gifted and encourage creativity

* Inculcate noble values and ethics education focuses on education and two sides of same coin

* The proper education of scientific thinking and methods of problem solving and decision-making away from rote without understanding

* Training for certain skills and crafts

* Raise public awareness of issues of local, regional and global

* Active participation in solving the problems surrounding communities

* Study and discuss the future risks and ways to avoid them

* Study the history of nations to take the sermons and to avoid the same mistakes in the future

For all these reasons and others identified the developed nations to the importance of education and made it a priority.

MCQ on Core Java with Answers set-1

1. Which exception is thrown by the read( ) method of input stream class?

A) Exception

B) ClassNotFoundException

C) read Exception

D) IOException



2. What garbage collection in the context of java?

A) The operating system periodically deletes all of the java files available on the system.

B) Any package imported in a program and not used in automatically deleted.

C) When all references to an object are gone, the memory used by the object is automatically reclaimed.

D) The JVM checks the output of any Java program and deletes anything that doesn't make sense.



3. In order for a source code file, containing the public class test, to successfully compile, which of the following must be true?

A) It must have a package statement

B) It must be named test.java

C) It must import java.lang

D) It must declare a public class named test.



4. Which of the following are true about the Error and Exception classes?

A) Both classes extend throwable

B) The error class is final and exception class is not.

C) The Exception class is final and the Error is not.

D) Both classes implement Throwable



5. Which of the following are true?

A) The void class extends the class class

B) The float class extends double class

C) The system class extends the runtime class

D) The integer class extends the number class



6. How do you create a Reader object from an InputStream object?

A) Use the static createReader() method of InputStream class

B) Use the static createReader() method of Reader class

C) Create an InputStreamReader object passing the InputStream object an an argument to the InputStreamReader constructor.

D) Create an OutputStreamReader object, passing the InputStream object as an argument to the OutputStreamReader constructor.



7. Which of the following is true?

A) The event inheritance model has replaced the event delegation model

B) The event inheritance model is more efficient than event delegation model

C) The event delegation model uses event listeners to define the methods of event handling classes.

D) The event delegation model uses the handleEvent() method to support event handling.



8. Which of the following is the highest class in the event delegation model?

A) java.util.EventListner

B) java.util.EventObject

C) java.util.AWTEvent

D) java.util.event.AWTEvent



9. When two or more objects are added as listeners for the same event, which listener is first invoked to handle the event?

A) The first object that was added as listner.

B) The last object that was added as listner

C) There is no way to determine which listener will be invoked first.

D) It is impossible to have more than one listener for a given event.



10. Suppose that you want to have an object eh handle the TextEvent of TextArea object t. How should you add eh as the event handler for?

A) t.addTextListener(eh);

B) eh.addTextListner(t);

C) addTextListner(eh.t);

D) addTextListner(t,eh);



11. What is the preferred way to handle an object's events in Java 2?

A) Override the object's handleEvent( ) method.

B) Add one or more event listeners to handle the events

C) Have the object override its process Event( ) methods.

D) Have the object override its dispatch Event( ) methods.



12. Which component method is used to access a component's immediate container?

A) getVisible()

B) getImmediate()

C) getParent()

D) getContainer()



13. Which of the following creates a List with 5 visible items and multiple selection enabled?

A) new List(5, true)

B) new List(true, 5)

C) new List(5, false)

D) new List(false, 5)



14. An Applet has its Layout Manager set to the default of FlowLayout. What code would be the correct to change to another Layout Manager?

A) setLayoutManager(new GridLayout());

B) setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));

C) setGridLayout(2,2);

D) setBorderLayout();



15. How do you change the current layout manager for a container?

A) Use the setLayout method.

B) Once created you cannot change the current layout manager of a component

C) Use the setLayoutManager method.

D) Use the updateLayout method.



16. Which of the following methods can be used to draw the outline of a square within a JAVA.awt.Component object?

A) drawLine()

B) fillRect()

C) drawPolygon()

D) drawPolygon()



17. State true or false

i) JPanel is a class included in awt package

ii) Anonymous classes are mostly used for event handling

iii) Names of anonymous classes must be unique

iv) JOptionPane is an inner class

A) i-false, ii-false, iii-true, iv-true

B) i-true, ii-false, iii-true, iv-false

C) i-false, ii-true, iii-false, iv-false

D) i-true, ii-true, iii-false, iv-true



18. State true or false

i) Java RMI supports distributed objects written entirely in java

ii) Java RMI makes use of stubs and skeleton

iii) In Java RMI an object registers itself with a media server

iv) IDL is interface declaration language

A) True, True, False, False

B) False, True, True, True

C) True, False, True, False

D) True, True, True, True



19. Match the following

a) Datagram Socket        i) UDP connection

b) URL                           ii) provides necessary framework of debugging java programs

c) java.net                      iii) makes it possible to communicate over a network with java programs

d) sun.tools.debug          iv) is a java object that represent WWW address

A) a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii

B) a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii

C) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv

D) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv



20. State true or false

i) public can only be assigned to class

ii) protected protects a statement

iii) protected method is never accessible outside the package

iv) friendly variable may be accessible outside class

A) True, True, False, True

B) False, False, False, True

C) False, True, False, False

D) True, False, False, False


View Answers:

1. D) IOException
2. C) When all references to an object are gone, the memory used by the object is automatically reclaimed
3. B) It must be named test.java
4. A) Both classes extend throwable
5. D) The integer class extends the number class
6. C) Create an InputStreamReader object passing the InputStream object an an argument to the InputStreamReader constructor.
7. C) The event delegation model uses event listeners to define the methods of event handling classes.
8. B) java.util.EventObject
9. C) There is no way to determine which listener will be invoked first.
10. D) addTextListner(t,eh);
11. B) Add one or more event listeners to handle the events
12. C) getParent()
13. A) new List(5, true)
14. B) setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));
15. A) Use the setLayout method
16. A) drawLine()
17. C) i-false, ii-true, iii-false, iv-false
18. A) True, True, False, False
19. A) a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii
20. A) True, True, False, True

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MCQ on Java Programming Language Fundamental set-12

1. A java program is first ................ and ...................

A) executed, run

B) compiled, run

C) run, compiled

D) interpreted, compiled


2. Byte code is also a ...........

A) machine code

B) bit code

C) cryptographic code

D) none


3. A private class is accessible from inside a .................

A) package

B) class

C) method

D) none


4. Consider the statement "x=(a>b)?a:b", then the value of x is 19, if a=19 and b=12

A) true

B) not supported

C) false

D) none of the above


5. Adapter classes are used for ...............

A) code redundancy

B) code reduction

C) code organization

D) none


6. ..................... inheritance is enable by interface in java.

A) min level

B) multiple

C) low level

D) none


7. .................... is generated if a button is clicked in AWT.

A) ItemEvent

B) WindowEvent

C) ActionEvent

D) MouseEvent


8. Using which keyword we can access value of the instance and class variables of that class inside the method of that class itself.

A) super

B) final

C) this

D) either super or this


9. If a variable is declared FINAL, it must include ......................... value.

A) integer

B) number

C) initial

D) float


10. In java, string is a

A) primitive data type

B) abstract data type

C) combination of boolean

D) None of the above


11. Methods can be overloaded with a difference only in the type of the return value

A) Not supported

B) False

C) True

D) None of the above


12. Each method in a java class must have a unique name

A) Not necessarily

B) True

C) False

D) None of the above


13. It is an important feature of java that it always provides a default constructor to a class

A) Not supported

B) False

C) True

D) None of the above


14. If one or more abstract methods are not implemented in an abstract class, then the subclass is also abstract.

A) Not necessarily

B) False

C) True

D) None of the above


15. Life cycle of an applet is described by .................. methods.

A) six

B) three

C) four

D) five


16. Which of the following is not subclass of "writer" stream.

A) FileWriter

B) LineWriter

C) BufferedWriter

D) PrintWriter


17. In java RMI, stub is located in

A) client machine

B) proxy

C) server

D) none of the above


18. The new keyword will

i) create in instance of an object

ii) create instance of a class

iii) assign memory to an array

iv) call the destructor of a class

A) i and iii

B) ii and iii

C) i and ii

D) ii, iii and iv


19. ODBC stands for

A) Object Data Binding Command

B) Open Database Console

C) Open Database Connectivity

D) Open Database Command


20. Continue statement can be used

i) anywhere inside main method

ii) anywhere inside class

iii) within instance methods

iv) only within looping statements

A) i, ii and iii

B) i and iv

C) only iv

D) ii, iii and iv

Show/Hide Answers:

1. A java program is first ................ and ...................

B) compiled, run

2. Byte code is also a ...........

D) none

3. A private class is accessible from inside a .................

B) class

4. Consider the statement "x=(a>b)?a:b", then the value of x is 19, if a=19 and b=12

A) true

5. Adapter classes are used for ...............

B) code reduction

6. ..................... inheritance is enable by interface in java.

B) multiple

7. .................... is generated if a button is clicked in AWT.

C) ActionEvent

8. Using which keyword we can access value of the instance and class variables of that class inside the method of that class itself.

C) this

9. If a variable is declared FINAL, it must include ......................... value.

C) initial

10. In java, string is a

B) abstract data type

11. Methods can be overloaded with a difference only in the type of the return value

B) False

12. Each method in a java class must have a unique name

A) Not necessarily

13. It is an important feature of java that it always provides a default constructor to a class

C) True

14. If one or more abstract methods are not implemented in an abstract class, then the subclass is also abstract.

C) True

15. Life cycle of an applet is described by .................. methods.

C) four

16. Which of the following is not subclass of "writer" stream.

B) LineWriter

17. In java RMI, stub is located in

A) client machine

18. The new keyword will

i) create in instance of an object

ii) create instance of a class

iii) assign memory to an array

iv) call the destructor of a class

A) i and iii

B) ii and iii

C) i and ii

D) ii, iii and iv

19. ODBC stands for

A) Object Data Binding Command

B) Open Database Console

C) Open Database Connectivity

D) Open Database Command

20. Continue statement can be used

i) anywhere inside main method

ii) anywhere inside class

iii) within instance methods

iv) only within looping statements

C) only iv

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MCQ on Basic SQL Queries with Answers set-1

1. DML is provided for

A) Description of logical structure of database

B) Addition of new structure in the database system.

C) Manipulation & processing of database

D) Definition of physical structure of database system


2.'AS' clause is used in SQL for

A) Selection operation

B) Rename Operation

C) Join operation

D) Projection Operation


3. Count function in SQL returns the number of

A) values

B) distinct values

C) groups

D) columns


4. The statement in SQL which allows to change the definition of a table is

A) Alter

B) Update

C) Cteate

D) Select


5. Which of the following is correct.

A) A SQL query automatically eliminates duplicates

B) SQL permits attribute names to be repeated in the same relation

C) A SQL query will not work if there are no indexes on the relations

D) None of the above


6. Which of the following operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table?

A) PROJECTION

B) SELECTION

C) UNION

D) JOIN


7. Which of the following is a legal expression in SQL?

A) SELECT NULL FROM EMPLOYEE;

B) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE;

C) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY=NULL;

D) None of the above


8. Which of the following is a valid SQL type?

A) CHARACTER

B) NUMERIC

C) FLOAT

D) All of the above


9. Which command is used to select distinct subject (SUB) from the table (BOOK)?

A) SELECT ALL FROM BOOK

B) SELECT DISTINCT SUB FROM BOOK

C) SELECT SUB FROM BOOK

D) All of the above


10. In SQL, which of the following is not a data definition language commands?

A) RENAME

B) REVOKE

C) GRANT

D) UPDATE

Answers:

1. DML is provided for

C) Manipulation & processing of database

2.'AS' clause is used in SQL for

B) Rename Operation

3. Count function in SQL returns the number of

A) values

4. The statement in SQL which allows to change the definition of a table is

A) Alter

5. Which of the following is correct.

D) None of the above

6. Which of the following operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table?

A) PROJECTION

7. Which of the following is a legal expression in SQL?

B) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE;

8. Which of the following is a valid SQL type?

D) All of the above

9. Which command is used to select distinct subject (SUB) from the table (BOOK)?

B) SELECT DISTINCT SUB FROM BOOK

10. In SQL, which of the following is not a data definition language commands?

D) UPDATE 

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Solved MCQ on Database Normalization set-1

1. A ..................... specifies the actions needed to remove the drawbacks in the current design of database.

A) 1 NF

B) 2 NF

C) 3 NF

D) Normal form

2. A relation is in ........................... if an attribute of a composite key is dependent on an attribute of other composite key.

A) 2NF

B) 3NF

C) BCNF

D) 1NF



3. Fifth Normal form is concerned with

A) Functional dependency

B) Multivalued dependency

C) Join dependency

D) Domain key



4. A table is in the ....................... if only candidate keys are the determinants.

A) functional dependency

B) transitive dependency

C) 4 NF

D) BCNF



5. In 2NF

A) No functional dependencies exist.

B) No multivalued dependencies exist.

C) No partial functional dependencies exist

D) No partial multivalued dependencies exist.

6. The normal form that is not necessarily dependency preserving is

A) 2NF

B) 3NF

C) BCNF

D) 4NF



7. The ................. is related to the concept of multi-valued dependency.

A) fourth normal form

B) fifth normal form

C) boyce codd normal form

D) third normal form



8. Which normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design?

A) 2NF

B) 5NF

C) 4NF

D) 3NF



9. Dependency preservation is not guaranteed in

A) BCNF

B) 3NF

C) 4NF

D) DKNF



10. A relation is ................... if every field contains only atomic values that is, no lists or sets.

A) 1 NF

B) 2 NF

C) 3 NF

D) BCNF

Answers:

1. A ..................... specifies the actions needed to remove the drawbacks in the current design of database.

D) Normal form

2. A relation is in ........................... if an attribute of a composite key is dependent on an attribute of other composite key.

B) 3NF

3. Fifth Normal form is concerned with

C) Join dependency

4. A table is in the ....................... if only candidate keys are the determinants.

D) BCNF

5. In 2NF

C) No partial functional dependencies exist

6. The normal form that is not necessarily dependency preserving is

A) 2NF

7. The ................. is related to the concept of multi-valued dependency.

A) fourth normal form

8. Which normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design?

D) 3NF

9. Dependency preservation is not guaranteed in

A) BCNF

10. A relation is ................... if every field contains only atomic values that is, no lists or sets.

A) 1 NF

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MCQ on c++ Programming with Answers set-6

1. If a class C is derived from class B, which is derived from class A, all through public inheritance, then a class C member function can access.

A) Protected and public data only in C and B

B) Protected and public data only in C

C) Private data in A and B

D) Protected data in A and B


2. Overloading the function operator

A) requires a class with an overloaded operator

B) requires a class with an overloaded [ ] operator.

C) allows you to create objects that act syntactically like functions.

D) usually make use of a constructor that takes arguments.

3. What is a constructor?

A) A function called when an instance of a class is initialized.

B) A function that is called when an instance of a class is deleted.

C) A special function to change the value of dynamically allocated memory

D) A function that is called in order to change the value of a variable.


4. Mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is known as .........

A) Polymorphism

B) Single Inheritance

C) Multilevel Inheritance

D) Message Passing


5. RunTime Polymorphism is achieved by ..........

A) friend function

B) virtual function

C) operator overloading

D) function overloading


6. Which of the following is the proper declaration of a pointer?

A) int x;

B) int &x;

C) ptr x;

D) int *x;


7. In multiple inheritance

A) the base classes must have only default constructors

B) cannot have virtual functions

C) can include virtual classes

D) None of the above


8. for (; ;)

A) means the test which is done using some expression is always true

B) is not valid

C) will loop forever

D) should be written as for( )


9. The compilers converts all operands upto to type of the largest operand is called as ............

A) typeconversion

B) expression

C) evaluation

D) precedence


10. The keyword FRIEND does not appear in

A) the class allowing access to another class

B) the class desiring access to another class

C) the private section of a class

D) the public section of a class

Answers:

1. If a class C is derived from class B, which is derived from class A, all through public inheritance, then a class C member function can access.

D) Protected data in A and B

2. Overloading the function operator

A) requires a class with an overloaded operator

3. What is a constructor?

A) A function called when an instance of a class is initialized.

4. Mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is known as .........

C) Multilevel Inheritance

5. RunTime Polymorphism is achieved by ..........

B) virtual function

6. Which of the following is the proper declaration of a pointer?

D) int *x;

7. In multiple inheritance

C) can include virtual classes

8. for (; ;)

C) will loop forever

9. The compilers converts all operands upto to type of the largest operand is called as ............

A) typeconversion

10. The keyword FRIEND does not appear in

C) the private section of a class

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objective type questions in c programming language set-6

1. Which symbol is used as a statement terminator in C?

A) !

B) ~

C) #

D) ;


2. If the size of the array is less than the number of initializes then, ..........

A) extra values are being ignored

B) generates an error message

C) size of array is increased

D) size is neglected when values are given


3. In C, if you pass an array as an argument to a function, what actually gets passed?

A) Value of elements in array

B) First element of the array

C) Base address of the array

D) Address of the last element of array


4. How many times the following loop be executed? { .. ch='b'; while (ch>='a' && ch<=='z') ch++; }

A) 0

B) 25

C) 26

D) 1


5. If a=8 and b=15 then the statement x=(a>b) ? a:b;


A) assigns a value 8 to x

B) gives an error message

C) assigns a value 15 to x

D) assigns a value 7 to x


6. What is the output of the following code. int n=0, m=1; do { printf("%d", m); m++; } while (m<=n);

A) 0

B) 2

C) 1

D) 4


7. A C program contains the following declaration int i=8, j=5 what would be the value of following expression? abs(i-2*j)
A) 2

B) 4

C) 6

D) 8


8. The output of the following is . int a=75; printf("%d%%", a);

A) 75

B) 75%%

C) 75%

D) None of the above


9. How many times the following program would print ("abc")? main( ) { printf("\nabc"); main( ); }

A) Infinite number of times

B) 32767 times

C) 65535 times

D) Till the stack does not overflow


10. Which of the following is the correct usage of conditional operators used in C?

A) a>b?c=30:c=40;

B) a>b?c=30;

C) max=a>b?a>c?a:c:b>c?b:c

D) return (a>b)?(a:b)

Answers:

1. Which symbol is used as a statement terminator in C?

D) ;

2. If the size of the array is less than the number of initializes then, ..........

B) generates an error message

3. In C, if you pass an array as an argument to a function, what actually gets passed?

C) Base address of the array

4. How many times the following loop be executed? { .. ch='b'; while (ch>='a' && ch<=='z') ch++; }

B) 25

5. If a=8 and b=15 then the statement x=(a>b) ? a:b;

C) assigns a value 15 to x

6. What is the output of the following code. int n=0, m=1; do { printf("%d", m); m++; } while (m<=n);

C) 1

7. A C program contains the following declaration int i=8, j=5 what would be the value of following expression? abs(i-2*j)
A) 2

8. The output of the following is . int a=75; printf("%d%%", a);

D) None of the above

9. How many times the following program would print ("abc")? main( ) { printf("\nabc"); main( ); }

A) Infinite number of times

10. Which of the following is the correct usage of conditional operators used in C?

C) max=a>b?a>c?a:c:b>c?b:c

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Solved MCQ on C Programming Language set-5

1. What will be output of the following C program? #include int main() {int goto=5; printf("%d",goto); return 0;}

A) 5

B) 10

C) **

D) compilation error


2. Output of the following C program fragment is. x=5; y=x++; printf("%d %d", x,y);

A) 5, 6

B) 5, 5

C) 6, 5

D) 6, 6


3. What will be output of the following C program? #include int xyz=10; int main() { int xyz=20; printf("%d", xyz); return 0;}

A) 10

B) 20

C) 30

D) compilation error


4. Following program fragment. main(){ printf("%p\n", main( ) ); }

A) Prints the address of main function

B) Prints 0

C) Is an error

D) In an infinite loop


5. What will be output of the following program? #include int main() {int a=2, b=7, c=10; c=a==b; printf("%d",c); return 0;}

A) 0

B) 7

C) 10

D) 2


6. What is the output of the following program segment? main( ) { long i=65536; printf("%d\n", i); }

A) 0

B) 65536

C) -1

D) 65


7. What will be the output of the program? # include int main() {int a[5]={5,1,15,20,25}; int i, j, m; i=++a[1]; j=a[1]++; m=a[i++]; printf("%d, %d, %d", i,j,m); return0;}

A) 2, 1, 15

B) 1, 2, 5

C) 3, 2, 15

D) 2, 3, 20


8. What is the output of the following program segment? main( ) { int=1; do { printf("%d . . ", i); } while (i--); }

A) 0 . . 1 . .

B) 1 . . 0 . .

C) 0

D) -1


9. Output of the program below is. int i; main( ) { printf("%d", i); }

A) 1

B) 0

C) -1

D) Null


10. What will be the output of the following program? main( ) { int i=5; printf("%d", i=++i==6); }

A) 0

B) 7

C) 6

D) 1

Answers:

1. What will be output of the following C program? #include int main() {int goto=5; printf("%d",goto); return 0;}

A) 5

2. Output of the following C program fragment is. x=5; y=x++; printf("%d %d", x,y);

C) 6, 5

3. What will be output of the following C program? #include int xyz=10; int main() { int xyz=20; printf("%d", xyz); return 0;}

B) 20

4. Following program fragment. main(){ printf("%p\n", main( ) ); }

A) Prints the address of main function

5. What will be output of the following program? #include int main() {int a=2, b=7, c=10; c=a==b; printf("%d",c); return 0;}

A) 0

6. What is the output of the following program segment? main( ) { long i=65536; printf("%d\n", i); }

A) 0

7. What will be the output of the program? # include int main() {int a[5]={5,1,15,20,25}; int i, j, m; i=++a[1]; j=a[1]++; m=a[i++]; printf("%d, %d, %d", i,j,m); return0;}

C) 3, 2, 15

8. What is the output of the following program segment? main( ) { int=1; do { printf("%d . . ", i); } while (i--); }

B) 1 . . 0 . .

9. Output of the program below is. int i; main( ) { printf("%d", i); }

B) 0

10. What will be the output of the following program? main( ) { int i=5; printf("%d", i=++i==6); }

D) 1

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MCQ on C Programming With Answers set-4

1. 'C' is often called a ....

A) Object oriented language

B) High level language

C) Assembly language

D) Machine level language


2. Each C preprocessor directive begins with ....

A) #

B) include

C) main()

D) {


3. C allows arrays of greater than two dimensions, who will determine this?

A) programmer

B) compiler

C) parameter

D) None of the above


4. The << operator is used for

A) Right shifting

B) Left shifting

C) Bitwise shifting

D) Bitwise complement


5. Set of values of the same type, which have a single name followed by an index is called

A) function

B) structure

C) array

D) union


6. Which of the following header file is required for strcpy() function?

A) String.h

B) Strings.h

C) file.h

D) strcpy()


7. scanf() can be used for reading ...

A) double character

B) single character

C) multiple characters

D) no character


8. A variable which is visible only in the function in which it is defined is called

A) Static variable

B) auto variable

C) external variable

D) local variable


9. In the loop structure logical expression is checked at the ....................of the loop.

A) first

B) end

C) middle

D) second


10. If an array is used as function argument, the array is passed

A) by value

B) by reference

C) by name

D) the array cannot be used as function argument


11. If is necessary to declare the type of function in the calling program if

A) Function returns an integer

B) Function returns a non-integer value

C) Function is not defined in the same file

D) Function is called number of times


12. Which escape character can be used to begin a new line in C ........

A) \a

B) \m

C) \b

D) \n


13. Input/output function prototypes and macros are defined in which header file?

A) conio.h

B) stdlib.h

C) stdio.h

D) dos.h


14. What is the purpose of fflush() function?

A) flushes all streams and specified streams

B) flushes only specified stream

C) flushes input/output buffer

D) flushes file buffer


15. What does the following declaration mean?int(*ptr)[10].

A) ptr is array of pointers to 10 integers.

B) ptr is a pointer to an array of 10 integers

C) ptr is an array of 10 integers

D) ptr is an pointer to array

Answers:

1. 'C' is often called a ....

B) High level language

2. Each C preprocessor directive begins with ....

A) #

3. C allows arrays of greater than two dimensions, who will determine this?

B) compiler

4. The << operator is used for

B) Left shifting

5. Set of values of the same type, which have a single name followed by an index is called

C) array

6. Which of the following header file is required for strcpy() function?

A) String.h

7. scanf() can be used for reading ...

C) multiple characters

8. A variable which is visible only in the function in which it is defined is called

D) local variable

9. In the loop structure logical expression is checked at the ....................of the loop.

A) first

10. If an array is used as function argument, the array is passed

B) by reference

11. If is necessary to declare the type of function in the calling program if

B) Function returns a non-integer value

12. Which escape character can be used to begin a new line in C ........

D) \n

13. Input/output function prototypes and macros are defined in which header file?

C) stdio.h

14. What is the purpose of fflush() function?

A) flushes all streams and specified streams

15. What does the following declaration mean?int(*ptr)[10].

B) ptr is a pointer to an array of 10 integers

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How to validate required field in a form using javascript

In a wave form, fields are needs to validate at the time of entry or on submission of form. Generally in a form it needs to validate user has left required fields empty or not, user has entered valid e-mail address or not, user has entered a valid date, user has entered text in a numeric field or not and other also. 

Here is a function below to validate if a required field has been left empty. If the required field is blank, an alert box alerts a message and the function returns false. If a value is entered, the function returns true.

 Function to validate required field in a form using javascript

function validate_required(field, alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
if (value==null||value=="")
	{alert(alerttxt); return false}
else {return true}
}
}

Full script, with the HTML form to validate required field 

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function validate_required(field, alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
if (value==null||value=="")
	{alert(alerttxt); return false}
else {return true}
}
}

function validate_form(thisform)
{
with(thisform)
{
if(validate_required(email, "Email must be filled out!")==false)
	{email.focus();return false}
}
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<form action="submitpage.htm" onsubmit="return validate_form(this)" method="post">
Email:<input type="text" name="email" size="40">
<input type="submit" value="submit">
</form>
</body>

</html>

Preview of the above code, to validate required field 

Email:

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